Rural culture has had a strong influence on the country's professional art. The lives and customs of rural Romanians have long been favorite topics of Romanian writers. The works of many composers show the influence of Romanian folk music. The best-known Romanian paintings are medieval works that appear on the outside walls of churches. These works were done outside, rather than inside, to remind peasants passing by of their faith.

In the 1950s, the government forced Romanian artists to use their works to promote Communism. Romanian art grew dull from a lack of self-expression. However, since the 1960's, the government has allowed artists more freedom, and art has flourished in Romania. Old Romanian themes and styles are still popular. But many artists have turned to modern styles, and deal with such themes as humanity's relation to the universe.

The composer Georges Enesco, the sculptor Constantin Brancusi, and the playwright Eugene Ionesco probably rank as the best-known Romanian-born artists.